Assessing hernias and choosing treatment for your findings

A hernia is a gap or weak point in the abdominal wall through which tissue can protrude. Common forms include inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional and upper-abdominal hernias.

A visible or palpable bulge is common. Some people also notice pulling or pressure when coughing, lifting or straining. Similar symptoms can have other causes, so an examination is important.

The diagnosis can often be made through examination while standing and lying down. Ultrasound may provide additional information. Previous abdominal operations, medication, other conditions and physical demands are considered when planning treatment.

An adult hernia does not close by itself. Surgery is the only way to close the defect permanently, but not every symptom-free, low-risk hernia needs immediate treatment.

The recommendation depends on the type and size of the hernia, symptoms and risk of trapped tissue. Open or minimally invasive repair may be considered. The need for mesh is also decided individually.

Sudden severe pain, nausea, vomiting or a hard bulge that no longer goes back may indicate trapped tissue. This is an emergency. Call 112 or attend hospital immediately.